Manual scavenging, the practice of cleaning human excreta from dry latrines, open drains, and sewers by hand, remains a critical issue in India despite legal prohibitions. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, bans the practice and mandates rehabilitation for those engaged in it. However, due to deep-rooted social and economic factors, manual scavenging still persists, particularly among marginalized communities like Dalits.

According to government reports, India has officially eliminated manual scavenging, but data from various human rights organizations and activists suggest that thousands still work in hazardous conditions, especially in sewer cleaning and septic tank maintenance. The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) recorded multiple deaths due to toxic gas exposure in sewers, highlighting the unsafe working conditions. States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu report the highest numbers of manual scavengers.

Efforts to end the practice include mechanization, skill development programs, and financial assistance for alternative livelihoods. However, implementation gaps, social stigma, and lack of enforcement hinder progress. Strengthening laws, promoting technological solutions, and ensuring dignified employment opportunities are crucial for completely eradicating manual scavenging in India.